Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Free Essays

Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Adults today are the results of their individual accounts and encounters, which impact their mentalities, thinking procedures, and conceptualization of their universes. John Mezirow accepted that grown-ups can be changed from these encounters; in any case, the transformative learning includes basic self-reflection (Mezirow, 1990). Mezirow comprehended that grown-ups can be changed through a procedure of entwining a disorientating problem followed by basic reflection and new understandings of the experience. We will compose a custom article test on Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Mezirow’s procedure of viewpoint change is regularly delineated as straight, also; Mezirow described ten stages beginning with confusing problem and closure with point of view change (Mezirow, 1990). Understanding the transformative learning and the disorientating situation assists grown-ups with acknowledging and comprehend Mezirow’s hypothesis of viewpoint change. The beginning of my change starts with an encounter. For instance, an encounter that I experienced was this past May in the wake of moving on from Immaculata University under-graduate program. My muddling quandaries starts with picking the continuation of my instruction to seek after a Master’s Degree or start the long and repetitive procedure of employment chasing and meeting in a depressing economy. I accept that my choice is life changing and will just assist me with pursueing a thriving life. Proof from Mezirow’s hypothesis and the periods of transformative learning recommends that my problem falls under the primary procedure of a confusing quandary (Anonymous, n. d. ). After graduation I had a couple of months to make sense of a methodology and execute my arrangement. While investigating my choices and making sense of an arrangement I got hit with dread, this dread originated from the â€Å"unknown† of my future. To conquer my dread of the â€Å"unknown† I first self-analyze who I am. I expected to show signs of improvement thought of who I am today and who I need to be tomorrow. After I settled on my choice to return to class I started to speak increasingly more about doctoral level college with my family and dear companions. When the conversation of me returning to class started, I began to find out about other’s seeking after an advanced education surrounding me. For instance I play b-ball locally in two distinct classes. The greater part of the groups are made out of arrangement or as of late graduated understudies. After I told my companions in the ball associations about my arrangements of returning to class a couple of them likewise expressed that they were applying or as of now selected for graduate school. Hearing other’s focusing on advancing their training and the way toward selecting helped quiet the dread I had somewhere inside. Further consolation was included that others likewise partook in like manner a similar change that I was handling. This common change between companions falls under Mezirow fourth stage (Anonymous, n. d. ) Once I defeated my dread of the â€Å"unknown† I began to start my strategy which falls under the 6th phase of Mezirow’s hypothesis (Anonymous, n. d. ). My arrangement began with seeing neighborhood schools in the zone with either a MBA or MA program in Marketing or Leadership considers. I took a gander at a couple of explicit schools, for example, West Chester, Widener, and Immaculata University’s. In the wake of investigating these schools I concerned them and held on to hear back for uplifting news. Sadly I didn't get into my first decision of Widener in light of the fact that I was 70 focuses shy of the prerequisite for my g-tangle score. In any case, I got acknowledged into West Chester and Immaculata. After I had gotten acknowledged into graduate school I felt a murmur of help that I had achieved my objective of beginning the new way to advance my instruction. At the point when I went into graduate school this was a totally new encounter just as another job for myself. I needed to develop my fearlessness in my new jobs and condition to arrive at my highest potential. Working up my fearlessness was intense from the start yet I started to gradually defeat this from the help of my family, cohorts, and teachers. Progress was delayed from the outset in light of the â€Å"unknown† that I was managing in another program and condition. When I got over my first street knock I truly began to take off with self-assurance which falls under Mezirow’s ninth stage (Anonymous, n. d. ). The last period of Mezirow’s hypothesis is the activity of the last part of the transformative learning process (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). At the point when I was managed my disorientating situation I made a postponed move to counter my choices and plan. After reality set in that right now is an ideal opportunity to make my change this was the finish of a fresh start. My activity to finish my decision to encourage my training is dependent on my freshly discovered point of view from my disorientating quandary and Mezirow’s ten periods of transformational learning. Reference: Merriam, S. B. , Caffarella, R. S. , Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A far reaching guide (3. ed. ). San Francisco: John Wiley Sons. Mezirow, J. (1990). A manual for transformational and emancipatory pratice. PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning, 7, 1-14. Recovered February 14, 2011, from http://www. iup. edu/resources/0/347/349/4951/4977/10251/AF0EAB12-C2CE-4D2C-B1A0-59B795415437. pdf Anonymous. (n. d. ) Transformational hypothesis. Step by step instructions to refer to Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation, Essay models

Thin is Beautiful Essay -- Beauty and the Media

How often have you glanced in a magazine and begrudged the models imagined? Have you at any point viewed a TV appear or a film and wished you seemed as though one of the stars? Numerous high school young ladies are frequently focused by magazines, motion pictures, and TV and are made to accept that â€Å"thin is beautiful†. The media has adversely influenced high school girls’ mental self portrait. From sit-coms to magazines, flimsy, lovely young ladies can be spotted, and this can make a young lady feel that she isn't sufficiently slight to be acknowledged by society. Numerous shows on TV can cause a high school girl’s mental self view to be a negative one; that she is excessively fat. Sit-coms are instances of this. On the hit TV show â€Å"Friends†, there are three meager, delightful young ladies featuring in it, who wear scanty, a la mode garments, have lovely hair, and consistently look ravishing. In a couple of scenes, there are flashbacks to when Monica, one of the characters on the show, was in secondary school and was somewhat overweight. Monica’s companions on the show ridicule her since she was a lot heavier than she as of now is. Without a doubt, any young lady who is somewhat heavier will feel negative about her picture in light of the fact that the â€Å"popular† and â€Å"cool† characters on the show are ridiculing her weight. Most some other sit-com has the equivalent perfect style of ladies. On Will and Grace for instance, the star playing Grace has a wonderful thin body and parades it occasionall y. On Dharma and Greg, the star additionally has a flimsy body and wears littler garments also. Search for the most part any sit-com and surely,...

Judaism - Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Judaism Meaning of life Essay The importance of life is a philosophical inquiry concerning the centrality of life or presence by and large. It can likewise be communicated in various structures, for example, Why are we here? , What is life about? , and What is the motivation behind presence? It has been the subject of much philosophical, logical, and religious hypothesis since the beginning. There have been an enormous number of proposed answers to these inquiries from a wide range of social and ideological foundations. The significance of life is in the philosophical and strict originations of presence, social ties, awareness, and bliss, and fringes on numerous different issues, for example, emblematic importance, cosmology, esteem, reason, morals, great and malevolent, through and through freedom, the presence of one or various Gods, originations of God, the spirit, and life following death. Logical commitments center basically around portraying related observational realities about the universe, investigating the unique circumstance and parameters concerning the how of life. Science additionally considers and can give suggestions to the quest for prosperity and a related origination of profound quality. Another option, humanistic methodology suggests the conversation starter What is an amazing significance? The estimation of the inquiry relating to the reason forever may concur with the accomplishment of extreme reality, or a sentiment of unity, or even a sentiment of holiness. oversees the universe. Closeness with the God of Israel is through investigation of His Torah, and adherence to its mitzvot (divine laws). In customary Judaism, God set up an extraordinary pledge with a people, the individuals of Israel, at Mount Sinai, giving the Jewish rules. Torah involves the composed Pentateuch and the interpreted oral convention, further created through the ages. The Jewish individuals are planned as a realm of clerics and a sacred nation[69] and a light to the Nations, affecting different people groups to keep their own religio-moral Seven Laws of Noah. The messianic time is viewed as the flawlessness of this double way to God. Jewish observances include moral and custom, certifiable and prohibative directives. Present day Jewish sections vary over the nature, pertinence and accentuations of mitzvot. Jewish way of thinking accentuates that God isn't influenced or profited, yet the individual and society advantage by gravitating toward to God. The realist Maimonides sees the moral and custom awesome edicts as a vital, however inadequate groundwork for philosophical comprehension of God, with its adoration and wonderment. [70] Among key qualities in the Torah are quest for equity, sympathy, harmony, benevolence, difficult work, thriving, modesty, and instruction. [71][72] The world to come,[73] arranged in the present, hoists man to an everlasting association with God. [74] Simeon the Righteous says, the world stands on three things: on Torah, on venerate, and on demonstrations of cherishing consideration. The supplication book relates, favored is our God who made us for his respect and planted inside us everlasting life. Of this unique circumstance, the Talmud states, everything that God does is for the acceptable, including languishing. The Jewish magical Kabbalah gives complimentary exclusive implications of life. Just as Judaism furnishing an intrinsic relationship with God (individual belief in a higher power), in Kabbalah the otherworldly and physical creation is an incomprehensible appearance of the innate parts of Gods Being (panentheism), identified with the Shekhinah (Divine female). Jewish recognition joins the sephirot (Divine traits) on high, reestablishing congruity to creation. In Lurianic Kabbalah, the importance of life is the messianic amendment of the broke flashes of Gods persona, banished in physical presence (the Kelipot shells), through the activities of Jewish recognition. [75] Through this, in Hasidic Judaism a definitive basic want of God is the disclosure of the Omnipresent Divine quintessence through materiality, accomplished by man from inside his restricted physical domain, when the body will offer life to the spirit. Zoroastrianism is the religion and theory named after its prophet Zoroaster, which is accepted to have impacted the convictions of Judaism and its relative religions. [77] Zoroastrians have confidence in a universe made by a supernatural God, Ahura Mazda, to whom all love is at last coordinated. Ahura Mazdas creation is asha, truth and request, and it is in strife with its absolute opposite, druj, misrepresentation and turmoil. (See likewise Zoroastrian eschatology). Since mankind has unrestrained choice, individuals must be liable for their ethical decisions. By utilizing choice, individuals must play a functioning job in the all inclusive clash, with great musings, great words and great deeds to guarantee bliss and to keep tumult under control.

Aspects of Literary History: Spring and Summer Terms 2008 Essay

Welcome to the Aspects of Literary History course. This is a driven course with various separate however intertwined strands: 1) The course will acquaint you with a portion of the key ideas of artistic history. 2) The course will sanction artistic history by inspecting the historical backdrop of a specific method of composing from its Greek beginnings through the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twenty and twenty-first hundreds of years. You will be solicited to think in wording from explicit artistic recorded periods. 3) The course will make you increasingly acquainted with the perusing and deciphering of verse, with specific regard for improving your abilities in close perusing. 4) The course will look at peaceful verse from its beginnings in the Greek Idylls, its dispersal through Roman models and its broadening into numerous structures: the funeral poem, the nation house sonnet, the affection verse, the sonnet of reflection, the philosophical sonnet, the nature sonnet and the parody. 5) The course will concentrate truly on the peaceful not just on the grounds that it gives the beginning mode to these different structures but since it is the result of a particular political and social culture: a world class structure delivered initially in a slave culture (Greek) and spread through another slave culture (Roman). This will give you the reason for contemplating the authentic contextualization of the peaceful as a structure. 6) How have later English writers †from the seventeenth century onwards †utilized the political and social entailments of the peaceful structure? How have they extended it by the presentation of a Christian substance? How have American writers utilized the structure because of the colonization of the New World, a procedure seen by many (at that point and consequently) through the methods for the peaceful? 7) The examination of peaceful will empower you to attempt the most unobtrusive natural artistic authentic investigation, the most eager and the most going extraneous abstract chronicled examination and the best mix of characteristic and outward modes. The Aspects of Literary History course will be instructed by talk and class in the spring term and the mid year term. You will utilize the Aspects of Literary History course peruser for arrangement and for workshop conversation. The sonnets for conversation in the talks and in the workshops are totally imprinted in the course peruser and the course supplement. The talks for the course will be held in Chichester Lecture Theater on Mondays 12-1. The workshops for the course will happen later in the week. If you don't mind check the timetable for your individual guide and for the hour of your course. There are four auxiliary writings we would likewise like you to peruse during this course: Paul Alpers’ What Is Pastoral?, Raymond Williams’ The Country and the City, Jonathan Bate’s The Song of the Earth and Chris Fitter’s Poetry, Space, Landscape. There are numerous duplicates of these in short advance and you ought to have the option to peruse these during the excursion and throughout the spring and summer terms. You can acquire short advance books over the travel and reestablish on-line. Basic auxiliary material is accessible in the Reserve Collection or in the Artsfac part of the Reserve Collection. [Ask at the Reserve Collection Counter: this material is put away under the name of the course convenor, Alistair Davies]. The course strand will bolster the talk arrangement by guaranteeing that you have gotten a handle on the artistic authentic subject of the week (definitions and data are set out in the peruser). Be that as it may, it will work mainly a) to improve your certainty and expertise in understanding verse and b) to support you [if you wish] to investigate your own innovative reaction in verse to the subjects and subjects of the course. We trust that you will turn out to be increasingly capable, progressively creative and progressively confident perusers of verse. Your composed course work will be two 1000 word course work expositions [20% each]. We are wanting to urge you to be succinct, engaged and clear in your composition. You will have the chance, on the off chance that you wish, to submit one bit of exploratory writing out of two bits of composed work for the course. Make sure to check your composed neutralize the standards set out in the ‘Feedback and How to Make Use of It’ archive you were given last term. To underline the significance we connect to your imagination, we cause you to notice subtleties of the Stanmer Prize on page 4 of the course peruser. You can peruse the sonnets created by past champs on the English site. The course will likewise be analyzed by a concealed in the mid year term [60%]. You will be required to remark intently on three sonnets or entries of sonnets in manners that ponder the scholarly verifiable points shrouded in the course. You can counsel past assessment papers through the Sussex site. You will discover underneath a point by point plan of the course. You will have the option to perceive how talks set you up for classes in every week; and you will have the option to design your work for the course from the earliest starting point as far as possible of the course. We trust that you will discover this course educational and agreeable. On the off chance that you have any inquiries, don't spare a moment to contact your course coach or the course convenor, Dr Alistair Davies [H.A.Davies@sussex.ac.uk] The course will be instructed in the accompanying request [the request in which it is set out in the course reader]: Week 1:Genre and Conventions The primary talk by Professor Norman Vance will concentrate on Milton’s Lycidas and Paradise Lost and will investigate Milton’s utilization of traditional genre(s) and shows. Get ready for the talk by perusing the ‘Genre and Conventions’, ‘The Origins of the Pastoral’ and ‘the Pastoral Elegy’ segments of the course peruser and the segment of the Aspects Course Supplement. Week 1: Norman Vance: ‘Pastoral Genre and Convention: Milton’s Lycidas and Paradise Lost In your first class, you will concentrate on two sonnets †Herrick’s ‘To Daffodils’ (p.33) and Elizabeth Bishop’s ‘North Haven’ (p.5). What are the conventional constituents of Herrick’s sonnet? What makes Bishop’s sonnet an) a peaceful requiem and b) how can it vary as a cutting edge peaceful epitaph from Milton’s Renaissance peaceful funeral poem? Paul Alpers’ investigation of peaceful refered to in the course peruser will be useful here. You may wish to peruse Alpers’ conversation of Lycidas in What is Pastoral [there are duplicates of this for possible later use and in short credit; duplicates too in Artsfac]. We start with peaceful and we will concentrate on peaceful; yet one presupposition we will investigate in the course is that the peaceful idyll gives the grid out of which the epitaph, the adoration sonnet, the sonnet of philosophical reflection, the emotional verse, the affection sonnet, the par ody and the nature sonnet are created inside the western and inside the English convention. Week 2: Intertextuality. The subsequent talk will be given by Professor Andrew Hadfield and will concentrate on Jonson’s To Penshurst. Get ready for the talk by re-perusing Virgil’s first eclogue and Horace’s second epode in the course peruser. You will discover To Penshurst in the course peruser (pp.29-31). Peruse the ‘Intertextuality’ area of the course peruser, pp.26-32. Week 2: Andrew Hadfield: ‘Intertextuality: Ben Jonson’s ‘To Penshurst and the Country-House Poem’ For your workshop, read Yeats’ ‘Coole Park, 1929’ and Walcott’s ‘Ruins of a Great House’ in the course peruser (pp.31-32). How does Yeats identify with Jonson; how does Walcott identify with Yeats (who was a significant early impact)? What does it enlighten us regarding history and about the historical backdrop of writing that an artist of the English renaissance, an Irish writer of the 1920s and a Caribbean artist of post-war period should utilize a structure built up by Roman artists in the main century BC. What are the connections between peaceful, the nation house sonnet and domain? Week 3/: Literature and Social Change The third talk of the term will be given by Dr Sophie Thomas on the subject of the eighteenth century prospect sonnet. Week 3: Dr Sophie Thomas: Politics, Poetics and Landscape For this talk, Sophie Thomas will investigate the changing methods of the possibility sonnet in works by Pope, Gray, Cowper and Smith imprinted in the course peruser (pp.36-45) and Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey imprinted on pages 47-48. If it's not too much trouble read the area Literature and Social Change, pp.33-48 of the course peruser. In her talk, Sophie Thomas will investigate the alleged possibility sonnet, bringing up issues about the class and the sexual orientation position of the watcher and about the various manners by which nature is re-introduced. If you don't mind, kindly read cautiously Gray’s ‘Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College.’ In your course, your guide will either concentrate on at least one of the sonnets by Gray, Cowper and Smith in the peruser. How significant is it to consider the sex of the artists talked about? Does a female author have an alternate feeling of the ownership of a scene to a male essayist? Week 4: Literature and Social Change The fourth talk of the term will be given by Dr Sophie Thomas. It would be ideal if you plan by perusing the sonnets by Wordsworth and Coleridge in the course peruser, pp. 45-48. Week 4: Dr Sophie Thomas: The Landscape of the Imagination: Wordsworth and Coleridge In your class, you will peruse Wordsworth’s Tintern Abbey (p.47). How does the convention of the peaceful sonnet empower the artist to compose here a sonnet of brain science, a sonnet of philosophical reflection and a sonnet of relationship [remember it is routed to the poet’s sister]. Despite the fact that it is composed [for us] in uplifted expression, this was composed for instance of a structure Coleridge and Wordsworth appreciated, the alleged conversational sonnet. Obviously, The Prelude is one, extremely long conversational sonnet. Week 5: Research Break

Roman Life

Roman Life Hrm, ok. Lets pretend everything is seven or eight days ago so that I can write about this as if it happened last weekend. [Begin Time Travel] (^ one of my many talents surprise! And yet another something thats probably only offered at MIT.) Hey all, No school is perfect. At college and in high school, you get occasional weeks where things just dont line up properly; your workload is far more than youre used to or should be used to, and things hit you one after another. Last week, I had three midterm tests in three of my classes, and an essay due in my fourth class. All of this happened within four consecutive days. Ow. I got through it okay, and emerged at 6AM Saturday morning (okay, the essay was a small number of hours late. whoops) tired and ready for a break. At that point, Id already received most of my grades and was no longer thinking about the results of the tests; I was just concerned with relaxing for the weekend before diving back into the school routine. Fortunately, we had a three day weekend. What does this mean? It means its a Jewish holiday! Oh, wait, no it doesnt. I dont get those days off from school anymore. Okay, so its Columbus Day. Same thing, to non-Jewish me. (Sorry if I offended any of you devout Columbus followers with that last remark; hope you all had a great Columbus Day! Spoiler alert: he discovers America.) Ok, lets try that again: What does this mean? It means you have a long weekend in which to get away from MIT! (Something that all you young folk and eager applicants may not want to do, but probably will want very much once you get here. Everybody needs the occasional vacation from MITs ridiculous workload.) Since we knew a three day weekend was coming up, my friends and I tried to plan something fun and off campus. However, many people had fraternity retreats I think many of the fraternities had retreats that weekend. Lame, right? (Just kidding I have nothing against fraternities. However, I decided this year that joining a fraternity would not be a good fit for me.) Anyway, with all the fraternities away on retreats, all of us non-Greek-life students (hence the title; yeah, I apologize for that one) were stuck on campus. This left us with only one good option: make our own retreat! One advantage of being a local: I can go home to get things. Sometimes that means I can go home and grab my winter jacket and an extra pair of pants, but this weekend it meant I went home on Saturday night and borrowed the car. Meet Lucy, my wonderful 11-year-old Ford Explorer. Note: this picture is not from this weekend. (Fyi, the 1998 Ford Explorer is the best car ever made.) Somehow, on Friday night, we decided that we would go to Cape Cod on Sunday for a picnic on the beach. Cape Cod is one of Massachusetts more popular vacation spots, with a slew of beaches and overpriced stores. As a local, Ive been to the Cape a number of times, so I was confident that we could get down there and back in a day. After some asking around and browsing google maps, we decided on a trip out to Sandwich, MA for our mini-retreat. Saturday night we went to Shaws and bought food for our picnic. We ended up with a healthy helping of pasta, a sadly bimodal fruit salad (in which I imply that fruit is a continuous spectrum?), chips, salsa, and for dessert pumpkin bread and milanos. Add some apple cider and cream soda to the mix, stuff it into a small dorm-sized mini-fridge for the night, and youve got yourself a wonderful vacation in the making. Sunday morning we planned to leave at 9, which meant that we all woke up just before 9 and hit the road by 9:30; however, traffic wasnt bad and we still found our way down in about an hour. Christie, Michele, and Erin enjoying (or at least pretending to enjoy) our mid-October picnic on the beach. Dessert! This entry peters off a bit here, because we didnt do anything particularly exciting once we got to the beach; it was just relaxing, which was the point of the day. I, as an amateur photography dork, took some time to play around with my camera (the amazing Canon EOS 40D, for all you other nerds), leading to the artsy portrait shots below; other than that, we mostly ate, skipped rocks, and relaxed. It was as any good vacation should be relaxing, and not too much more. I took a lot of time taking pictures, so Ill just bombard you and let those speak for me. (The bloggers excuse to be lazy and fill up a lot of space) Artsy angles! Professional-like! Relaxing. Erin, thanks for the camerawork :) And then it was time to leave. Goodbye rocks, ocean, and awkwardly shaped birds (we had no idea what kind of birds they were). We made one stop on the way home; three or four minutes away was the Sandwich Glassblowing Museum (in fact, one reason for our choice of picnicing in Sandwich. It had nothing to do with the foody name of the place). I took a whole bunch of pictures, but showing you them would probably ruin the point of going to the museum its really visually impressive, and is a nice walk-through for $5. Id definitely recommend it. We skipped out on the glassblowing demonstrations that occur every hour on the hour, because wed all seen it before. Oh, score! A connection to MIT. I guess Im at least kind-of writing about the right thing here, right? Accidentally doing my job, lookit that. All of us were in the same FPOP Freshman Pre-Orientation Program. These programs bring students (I think over half the freshman class enrolled in FPOPs) to campus (or elsewhere, like Yellowstone any blogger in that one, want to write about it?) four or five days early for something a little like summer camp. For most of the day, youre with your FPOP. The FPOPs are led by a group consisting of faculty and students in a certain major, and it is their job to take a cadre of bright-eyed, bushy-tailed freshmen and to simultaneously introduce them to MIT and to a major. We all enrolled in the DMSE FPOP Discover Materials Science and Engineering (Course 3, since we number our majors here) which meant that our days were filled with tours of course 3 labs, lectures from famous course 3 professors (and an awesome grad student or two), explorations around campus, and excursions into Boston. One day, during our FPOP, we went down to MITs glassblowing lab for a demonstration: we got to see th em blow and roll beautiful glass pumpkins for their annual charity event. Following that, we got to try our hands at blacksmithing (gee, where have you heard about that before?) and metalcasting; all told, it made a very convincing case for course 3. Anyway, long story short, wed already seen a glassblowing demonstration and so decided not to hang around for another one in Sandwich. I bought a glass penguin. w00t. By 6:30pm, we were back on campus, and all promptly went back to our dorms to nap for several hours. The End. [End Time Travel] Also, note how I just barely manage to stay on the front page.

The efficacy of applying the fundamental rule of law in combating the upsurge risks of global terrorism - Free Essay Example

RESEARCH PROPOSAL A) Research Topic The research topic will focus on the area of constitutional law, in particular, the efficacy of applying the fundamental rule of law in combating the upsurge risks of global terrorism. Hence, the proposed research title will be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The war on terror and its impact on the rule of law: a juristic analysis. B) Background of research Lately, we often hear many cases of terrorist attacks that has opened the door to a myriad of questions about what has gone wrong with our society today. Has the society begun to abhor the principle of the rule of law? Has our rule of law being sidestepped? We heard and read of so many condemnations and justifications when the case of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sydney Cafe Siegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" occurred last December 2014 and just as we were about to forget the tragic episode, the recent merciless attack at à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Charlie Hebdoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Paris surfaced within a gap of less than a month from the former that sent shock waves to the whole world. The most recent case being the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Garissa University Collegeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ massacre in Kenya that killed nearly 150 people. It has now become an incessant universal problem and in no time we will definitely hear another similar tragedy soon in some part of the world. Regrettably, to date we hear absolutely nothing about any solid solutions to prevent another future recurrence of such terrorist acts in another part of the world. Most world leaders took the stand that we had to stay vigilant at all time. Is that all we can do? Even our own Defence Minister had cautioned us, as reported in the press that such acts of terrorism could happen on our very own soil in Malaysia. The seriousness of our government in combating terrorism can be seen with the urgent tabling and passing of the proposed new law known as the Prevention of Terrorism Act (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"POTAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) by the Home Minister in the recent Parliamentary sitting after more than 10 hours of debat e. Some opposing legislators argued during the debate session that the POTA is controversial and unnecessary as the existing laws for e.g. SOSMA is adequate to tackle the imminent threat of terrorism, therefore POTA can be subjected to abuse if allowed. But whether it is controversial or is it just another piece of draconian laws has yet to be seen. However, a close scrutiny is required to evaluate it, and this will be delved as part of my research interest here. Now, when speaking about terrorism, the mind-boggling questions are: What and where is the cause of the problem? And how can we educate the peoples from shunning such radical ideology adhered by the terrorists? It was against the backdrop of this ever present polemic by neo-fascist groups that motivate this research topic. The paper will look at the impact terrorism will bring that will seriously affect the application of the rule of law of the nations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an established principle of law that we have been adopted over the years. The case of Charlie Hebdo not only made us cogitate, but open our eyes to whether the shooting was indeed a gross attack on freedom of speech/expression/fundamental human rights or was it motivated solely by religious fanaticism as some argued. For the human rights group, they will argue that the critical issue here involves debunking the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"freedom of speechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Its certainly not right for the Cherif and Said Kouachi to defend their conduct by insinuating or claiming that the Publisher of the magazine had insulted their religion and similarly, the weekly cannot justify their acute act of provocation under the disguise of freedom of expression. Now the issue to be dealt with here is, does the freedom of speech mean we have a broad permission to insult and hurt others without any limitations? Thus, it is admittedly that the relationship between freedom of expression, opinion, speech and the rule of law is a corollary one: one supports the other. For the rule of law to be operative, we certainly need to respect the freedom of speech, in order for people to observe and critique the making and application of the laws, not to mention their interpretation and its implementation in the court system. Equally, the rule of law can be an ambiguous expression. It may mean different things for different scholars or jurists. Nonetheless, one thing, that most of us would agree, is that the rule can be simply explained with the following phrase: no one is above the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which means the idea that truth, and therefore the law, is based upon fundamental principles which can be discovered, or created by an act of will. Therefore, the principle behind is neither the government nor its public official is above the law or is permitted to act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law. The law is intended to preserve against arbitrary governance, whether by an authoritarian leader or mob rule. On the other hand, the term terrorism is not definitive and is a highly contentious to define. There is, to date, no globally accepted, unambiguous definition or description of terrorism. From the start of human civilization, the act of terrorism has already emerged, and there are a variety of causes that influence the belief of terrorism. Many historians hold the view that the act of terrorism is in essence connected to the political hidden agenda. This is evident from the ongoing brutal killings happening in the Middle East lately that testifies to the political nature of terrorism before the emergence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Islamic State in Iraq and Syriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (ISIL) group. So, the act of terror can be widely construed as the unauthorized method to implement the principles at will, thus compelling the affected to agree to that principle despite their incompatibility. One thing for sure is that the propaganda of aggression and instilling of fear is the primary goal of terroris m. This is proven by the conduct of the ISIL terrorists in the middle east lately that involves themselves in inhumanly violent activities conspicuously. Another classification of terrorist can be seen in terms of making known their ideology through the political platform. And some were due to their excessive involvement in repressive conditions. They seek for alternative ways to convey a change in their lives (Raphaeli, 2003). For e.g. the majority of such groups can be found in the regions of Bosnia and Georgia. Their clash exists in terms of ethnic factors, after the fall of the Soviet Union. What is more alarming from the 1990s onwards, is ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° new form of ÃÆ'‘-ntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm display thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µms lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l, lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss focusÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd, morà ƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-ntÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd morÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °dly IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-st tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm (CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, 1981). In fÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ct, mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ny of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd motÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-ons ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ stÃÆ'‘-ll vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µry sÃÆ'‘-mÃÆ'‘-lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °r to whÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t wÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ'‘-ght cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ll trÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °dÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l modÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrn tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm. WhÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ'‘-s dÃÆ'‘-ffÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt ÃÆ'‘-s thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° l bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °sÃÆ'‘-s of rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-gÃÆ'‘-on, thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ broÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µfÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy, thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-on of tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-st tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ctÃÆ'‘-cs ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µsÃÆ'‘-rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ potÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µntÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °stÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-ng lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µls of dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstructÃÆ'‘-on. A renowned example is the radical group calling themselves ISIS as highlighted earlier. These IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-st ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxtrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmÃÆ'‘-sts sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µm wÃÆ'‘-llÃÆ'‘-ng to ÃÆ'‘-gnorÃÆ' Ã ƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °boos ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘-nst kÃÆ'‘-llÃÆ'‘-ng ÃÆ'‘-nnocÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µoplÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °blÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ to rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-zÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘-r ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ctÃÆ'‘-ons by dÃÆ'‘-stortÃÆ'‘-ng IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °chÃÆ'‘-ngs. LÃÆ'‘-kÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-onÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ry sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µculÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °r; ISIS is tryÃÆ'‘-ng to ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °blÃÆ'‘-sh ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l foundÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on for thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ'‘-r strugglÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs to establish an Islamic Caliphates. To thÃÆ'‘-s ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnd, they are prepared to dÃÆ'‘-stort thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °chÃÆ'‘-ngs of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °m to dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µfÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° common ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmy ÃÆ'‘-s dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µscrÃÆ'‘-bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ WÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrn culturÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmocrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °cy (dÃÆ'‘-smÃÆ'‘-ssÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ntÃÆ'‘IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c by thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologuÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-c tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm), cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °pÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm (ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °s rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µportÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd by ÃÆ'‘- mpÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-st ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxploÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on), ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd ÃÆ'‘-ndÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ'‘-duÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm (thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ opposÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on of IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °mÃÆ'‘-sts who bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'‘-n ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µw cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-phÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ to lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ communÃÆ'‘-ty of MuslÃÆ'‘-ms ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °round thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ world. This research paper will also briefly examine the Islamic texts from the Holy Quran/Sunnah that are being relied upon by the ISIS extremists to advance their goals and whether, they are deviating from the Islamic Fiqh. The findings will disclose the cause that motivates religious terrorism. To date, states hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °v ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °d rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µly showing poor rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µsults in contÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ÃƒÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-ng or ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µlÃÆ'‘-mÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on of vÃÆ'‘-olÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ perpetrated by the terrorists/extremists. ThosÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ who hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ succÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxtrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µmÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °surÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µprÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µssÃÆ'‘-on thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t hÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ thrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ rulÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of lÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, pÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrsonÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l frÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdoms ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd humÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n rÃÆ'‘-ghts. ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ must bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ° better response (CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, 1981). It has been argued that the ineptitude of the government in handling counter-terrorism response, thereby jeopardizing the basic ideas such as that of the rule of law. As human rights advocates have recognized, it is vital for governments to protect their citizens from terrorism, which endangers personal liberty. At the same time, democratic nations committed to the rule of law must resist the pressures to neglect the fundamental rights as enshrined in their respective constitution in the name of fighting terrorism. It sÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µms thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ solutÃÆ'‘-ons to tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °n bÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ found ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °ny stÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °gÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ of ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µvolutÃÆ'‘-on or dÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µtÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-orÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-on of thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ polÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l procÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µss.ThÃÆ'‘-s suggests thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °t we must fÃÆ'‘-rst undÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrstÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd thÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ hÃÆ'‘-storÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l contÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µxt of currÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnt conflicts (YÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °hyÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, 2002). So what is the rule of law? How does it operate? In a nutshell, the concept of the rule of law can be traced to its historical beginning as a means of protection from the tyrannical Rule of man and the abuse of power by the State. Philosopher Friedrich von Hayek once defined the concept as Stripped of all its technicalities; which means that the government of the day in whatsoever actions it takes is bound by the rules fixed and announced in advance to the peoples. And such rules which are made to enable us to foresee with a fair degree of certainty how the authority will apply its coercive powers in any given situation, and to plan ones own individual affairs base on that prior knowledge we have gained. C) Research Objective To understand the root cause that motivates terrorism; To conceptualize the meaning of the Rule of Law with the changing society in light of the global trends in counter-terrorism activities; To discern the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s evolution with the continued demands for internal security to fight terrorism. To focus on the impact on the application of the rule of law in the modern context in combating terrorism; To bring forth the possible solution, implementation and comprehensive understanding vis- a-vis the war against terror. D)Research Methodology The proposed research methodology in this study will be based mainly on Doctrinal method of research by various scholars familiar with that field. This doctrinal work selected is both analytical and descriptive. The data will be compiled and gathered from different sources and analysed to explore the desired objective. Analysis reports of research committees, conferences, and commissions will be taken as reference. The majority of information will be amassed from secondary sources, i.e. selected books, articles, journals, the internet and a few related case laws will be examined to achieve the objectives of this research paper. Opinions of other research scholars, academicians, jurists and other experts will be added to provide the necessary support for this study. E)Work Schedule The time frame required for this research until its completion is estimated between 2-3 years of study. F)Bibliography: CrÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnshÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °w, MÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rthÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, (1981), ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °usÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs of tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm. CompÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ'‘-vÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ polÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-cs, 13(4): 379-399; Fiss O, (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The War Against Terrorism and the Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Friedrich von Hayek (1994).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Road to Serfdom,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Neal Katyal, (2007), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equality in the War on Terrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Stanford Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 5, Symposium: (Global Constitutionalism), pp. 1365-1394 OConnell, Mary Ellen(2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" The Legal Case against the Global War on Terror à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 36 Case W. Res. J. Intl L. 349; Raphaeli, N. (2003) Financing of Terrorism: Sources, Methods and Channels, Terrorism and Political Violence; Wimmer, K. (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Toward a world rule of law: Freedom of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,603(1), 202-216. YÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °hyÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °, HÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °run, (2002), ThÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ RÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µÃƒÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l IdÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µologÃÆ'‘-cÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °l Root of TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm: DÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °rwÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ'‘-sm ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °nd mÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °tÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrÃÆ'‘-ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °lÃÆ'‘-sm. IslÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ °m DÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µnouncÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µs TÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µrrorÃÆ'‘-sm, onlÃÆ'‘-nÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µdÃÆ'‘-tÃÆ'‘-on;

Black Militia’s Formation Essay example - 1580 Words

In such a controversial period regarding the spread of slavery and state’s rights, the Louisiana black militia’s formation and involvement during the Civil War was not one without strife. The Union and Confederacy were both divergent in issues regarding the black population. It was only innate the black population would assist in the struggle which would determine their future to be free from subrogation. In order to review the history of the Civil War, it is only practical to view the involvement of black men during this struggle. James G. Hollandsworth, Jr. explores the social, political, and military aspects of the first, second, and third regiments of the Louisiana Native Guards during the Civil War. This topic of black militias is†¦show more content†¦Hollandsworth provides information on the inequality black soldiers faced by the Union. Hollandsworth illustrates this discrimination through incidents of unequal duties and sentiments of inequality by the w hite Union forces towards the black soldiers. Hollandsworth uses quotations by General Benjamin F. Butler to form a foundation for this argument of discrimination by the white Union soldier towards black Union soldiers. The black soldiers in the Union militias were viewed upon by their counterparts in many of the same ways as the Confederacy viewed them. General Butler suggests the black men, because of their prior master and slave relationship, were well fit for duty due to their ability to follow orders. (18, 19) Butler’s view of the black man is evident when he views many of the freed slaves as property and inducts them into the Union forces through the Confiscation Act. (20) Hollandsworth also illustrates the unequal division of labor to suggest the discrimination of black soldiers by the white Union forces. Prevalent is the inequality of the division of duties amongst the white and black Union soldiers. (97) The black militias were subjected to fatigue duty while their w hite counterparts prepared themselves for battle. (97) Most of these duties consisted of ditch digging and preparing roads for the Union forces maneuvers. (97) Butler viewed the fatigue duty as natural tasks to black soldiers. (97) Another incident